MONTREAL 鈥� In Quebec's Laurentians region, a few kilometres from a wildlife reserve and just outside the town of Duhamel, lies a source of one of the world鈥檚 most sought after minerals for manufacturing electric vehicle batteries: graphite.
Since Lomiko Metals Inc., a mining company based in Surrey, sa国际传媒, announced plans to build a graphite mine in the area, some residents living nearby have protested the project, fearing the potential harm to the environment. But opposition has only gained steam after locals found out last month that the Pentagon is involved in the project.
In May, Lomiko announced it received a grant of $11.4 million from the U.S. Department of Defence and another $4.9 million from Natural Resources sa国际传媒 to study the conversion of graphite into battery-grade material for powering electric vehicles.
In its own announcement, the Pentagon said Lomiko's graphite will bolster North American energy supply chains and be used for 鈥渄efence applications,鈥� words that make Duhamel resident Louis Saint-Hilaire uneasy.
鈥淭hey were telling us it was an ecological project for making electric batteries but now we have serious doubts,鈥� said Saint-Hilaire, co-spokesperson for environmental activist group Coalition Qu茅b茅coise des Lacs Incompatibles Avec L'Activit茅 Mini猫re.
Saint-Hilaire had feared the proposed mine would pollute the region's many lakes; now he鈥檚 concerned the graphite in his town's backyard will end up in American military equipment.
Claude Bouffard, coordinator of a separate environment group, Association pour la Protection de l'Environnement du Lac des Plages, says he isn鈥檛 necessarily against graphite mining, but he says his community hasn鈥檛 given its consent for Lomiko's project.
鈥淚t鈥檚 almost like an invasion, a betrayal in some ways by the mining company, the government of Quebec and even worse, the government of sa国际传媒,鈥� he said.
Responding to concerns, the company says it will be conducting feasibility and metallurgical studies over the next five years and will be subject to a review by Quebec's environment consultations office, known as the BAPE. It says it plans to begin construction by 2027.
Quebec Minister of Natural Resources Ma茂t茅 Blanchette V茅zina didn鈥檛 say whether she approves of the Pentagon funding but says mining proposals have to be accepted by locals to go forward.
鈥淢ining projects must go hand in hand with social acceptability,鈥� Blanchette V茅zina wrote in a statement.
Neither the Department of Defence nor the U.S. Consulate General responded to requests for comment about exactly how the Pentagon is involved in the project, or how the graphite will be used.
Jean-Fran莽ois Boulanger, mineral engineering professor at Universit茅 du Qu茅bec en Abitibi-T茅miscamingue, says that the type of purified graphite Lomiko Metals plans to produce is indeed used for batteries; non-purified graphite can be used for a host of other applications, he said, including in steel production.
Graphite is a key mineral for manufacturing military equipment. A 2023 report by The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies, a defence and security think tank based in the Netherlands, lists graphite as a critical mineral whose supply chain is under threat. The report said European militaries need graphite for fighter aircraft, battle tanks, submarines, artillery and ammunition.
Boulanger says it鈥檚 鈥渦nusual鈥� in recent history for governments to openly declare that they are investing in a mine for defensive purposes.
Teresa Kramarz, co-director of the University of Toronto鈥檚 Environmental Governance Lab, says she isn鈥檛 surprised about the Department of Defence funding, adding that North American and European governments are investing heavily in critical minerals like graphite to be less dependent on Chinese exports. She says it's part of a policy of establishing trade relationships with allies to secure supplies.
China is far and away the leader in graphite production. In 2022 sa国际传媒 was ranked sixth, mining about one per cent of global production; China was at 66 per cent, according to Natural Resources sa国际传媒.
In a statement, Natural Resources sa国际传媒 said the funding doesn鈥檛 mean Lomiko Metals will have to give the Canadian and American governments privileged access to the material produced.
But Boulanger said he would be "very surprised" if the governments of sa国际传媒 and the United States aren't in discussions with the company about securing its graphite.
Whatever the graphite is used for, Kramarz says people living near mines fear that the operations will displace ecosystems and lead surrounding communities to be economically dependent on them. As well, she said, residents also fear being displaced themselves when land is cleared for mines.
"People need to have serious say in what happens in their communities," she said. "Those are the rules of democracy."
This report by The Canadian Press was first published June 9, 2024.
Joe Bongiorno, The Canadian Press
