WASHINGTON (AP) 鈥� As U.S. opioid deaths mounted in 2016, the incoming head of the Food and Drug Administration promised a 鈥渟weeping review鈥� of prescription painkillers in hopes of reversing the worst overdose epidemic in American history.
Dr. Robert Califf even personally commissioned a report from the nation鈥檚 top medical advisers that recommended reforms, including potentially removing some drugs from the market. But six years later, opioids are claiming more lives than ever, and the FDA has not pulled a single drug from pharmacy shelves since the report's publication. In fact, the agency continues putting new painkillers on the market 鈥� six in the last five years.
Now Califf is back in charge at the FDA, and he faces skepticism from lawmakers, patient advocates and others about his long-promised reckoning for drugs such as OxyContin and Vicodin, which are largely blamed for sparking a two-decade rise in deaths.
鈥淎ll the concerns that we had at the time on opioids are still there. We still have a really huge problem,鈥� said Richard Bonnie, a University of Virginia public health expert who chaired the committee that wrote the report.
Bonnie and his co-authors say the FDA seems to have incorporated several of their recommendations into recent decisions, including a broader consideration of a drug鈥檚 public health risks. But they say there is more to be done.
In an interview with The Associated Press, Califf said a new internal review of opioids has been underway for months and that the public will soon 鈥渂e hearing a lot more about this.鈥� While the review will look at past FDA decisions, Califf suggested the focus will be on future policy.
鈥淚t seems like people love sort of looking back and fault-finding, but I鈥檓 much more interested in learning so we can go forward and make the best decisions for what we need to do today,鈥� said Califf, who split his time between Duke University and working for Google after leaving the FDA in 2017 following President Donald Trump's election.
The 453-page report issued five years ago this month by the National Academies of Sciences laid out a strategy for reducing overprescribing and misuse of opioids, with particular focus on the FDA.
At the center of the recommendations was a proposal for the FDA to reassess the dozens of opioids being sold to determine whether their overall benefits in treating pain outweigh their risks of addiction and overdose. Those that don鈥檛 should be removed from the market, the group said.
The lack of swift action underscores the glacial pace of federal regulation and the legal obstacles to clawing back drugs previously deemed safe and effective.
鈥淚t鈥檚 really hard for the agency to get a drug taken off the market once it鈥檚 been approved,鈥� said Margaret Riley, a food and drug law professor who consulted on the report.
Last year, soared to a record of 107,000, driven overwhelmingly by fentanyl and other illegal opioids.
Opioid prescriptions have fallen about 40% in the last decade amid restrictions by hospitals, insurers and state officials. But deaths tied to the medications remain at 13,000 to 14,000 per year. And studies suggest people who become addicted to opioids continue to start with prescription opioids, before switching to cheaper heroin and illegally made .
鈥淚f Dr. Califf is serious about addressing the drug epidemic, the FDA should immediately implement" the report's recommendations, Sen. Joe Manchin of West Virginia said in a statement.
Manchin told the AP that he requested an update in April on the FDA鈥檚 progress on the recommendations but didn鈥檛 receive a response. He was one of five Democrats from hard-hit opioid states who voted against Califf鈥檚 confirmation in February.
In response to questions about the recommendations, the FDA provided a list of actions it has taken on opioids, some which predated the report. The agency said it has acted on 鈥渘early all鈥� of the recommendations, by enhancing prescriber education and labeling, convening meetings and improving data collection.
鈥淚 think what you鈥檝e seen is the agency grabbing at some of the low-hanging fruit and only to a certain level,鈥� Riley said.
Despite heightened scrutiny, the FDA continues putting new painkillers on the market. Many of the drugs have formulations designed to make them harder to misuse, such as hard-to-crush coatings that discourage snorting or injecting.
Califf has said the FDA is bound by its regulations: Companies need only show that their drugs work better than a placebo, and the agency can't require new opioids to be safer or more effective than ones already on the market. He told Senate lawmakers in April that doing so might require legislation from Congress.
One of the report authors disagreed.
鈥淚 think the FDA has a lot of flexibility at this point to say, 鈥楲ook, given these circumstances we don鈥檛 think that a placebo-controlled trial would be adequate,鈥�" said Dr. Aaron Kesselheim, a lawyer and professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School.
As for older opioids like OxyContin, Califf says that as the agency gets more evidence on opioids' risks, it will 鈥渁ggressively look at relabeling.鈥�
But delays in getting that evidence illustrate just how slowly the FDA process moves. It's been nearly 10 years since the agency required makers of long-acting opioids to conduct a dozen studies of their drugs' risks and effectiveness.
The main clinical trial looking at opioids for chronic pain has been delayed since 2019, due to repeated changes to its design. And results from seven other studies released in 2020 don't give a clear picture of whether the drugs are truly safe and effective for long-term use.
鈥淲e've got to have the data, and we can鈥檛 accept excuses that it鈥檚 hard to do," Califf said. "That鈥檚 not going to be acceptable.鈥�
Riley said the data the FDA is seeking will be critical to providing the evidence needed to remove opioids from the market, which would likely face years of industry pushback.
鈥淭he question to me is whether the agency will actually have the gumption to use those tools to start pulling drugs,鈥� Riley said. 鈥淒o they have the will to do it?鈥�
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The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute鈥檚 Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.
Matthew Perrone, The Associated Press
