TORONTO (AP) 鈥� Decades after many other rich countries stopped forcibly sterilizing Indigenous women, numerous activists, doctors, politicians and at least five class-action lawsuits allege the practice has not ended in sa国际传媒.
A last year concluded 鈥渢his horrific practice is not confined to the past, but clearly is continuing today.鈥� In May, a doctor was penalized for forcibly sterilizing an Indigenous woman in 2019.
Indigenous leaders say the country has yet to fully reckon with its 鈥� or put a stop to a decades-long practice that is considered genocide.
There are no solid estimates on how many women are being sterilized against their will, but Indigenous experts say they regularly hear complaints about it. Sen. Yvonne Boyer, whose office is collecting the limited data available, says at least 12,000 women have been affected since the 1970s.
鈥淲henever I speak to an Indigenous community, I am swamped with women telling me that forced sterilization happened to them,鈥� Boyer, who has Indigenous Metis heritage, told The Associated Press.
Medical authorities in sa国际传媒鈥檚 Northwest Territories sanctioned a doctor in May for forcibly sterilizing an Indigenous woman, according to documents obtained by the AP.
Dr. Andrew Kotaska performed the 2019 operation to relieve an Indigenous woman鈥檚 abdominal pain. He had her written consent to remove her right fallopian tube but not her left one, which would leave her sterile.
Despite objections from other medical staff during the surgery, Kotaska took out both fallopian tubes.
The investigation concluded there was no medical justification for the sterilization, and Kotaska was found to have engaged in unprofessional conduct. Kotaska鈥檚 鈥渟evere error in surgical judgment鈥� was unethical, cost the patient the chance to have more children and could undermine trust in the medical system, investigators said.
The case was likely not exceptional.
Thousands of Indigenous Canadian women over the past seven decades were coercively sterilized, in line with eugenics legislation that deemed them inferior.
The Geneva Conventions describe forced sterilization as a type of genocide and crime against humanity and the Canadian government has condemned forced sterilization elsewhere, including of Uyghur women in China.
In 2018, the told sa国际传媒 it was concerned about persistent reports of forced sterilization, saying all allegations should be investigated.
In 2019, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau acknowledged that the murders and disappearances of Indigenous women across sa国际传媒 amounted to 鈥済enocide,鈥� but activists say little has been done to address ingrained prejudices against the Indigenous, allowing forced sterilizations to continue.
In a statement, the Canadian government told the AP it was aware of allegations that Indigenous women were forcibly sterilized and the matter is before the courts.
鈥淪terilization of women without their informed consent constitutes an assault and is a criminal offense,鈥� the government said. It acknowledged that bias in the health system 鈥渃ontinues to have catastrophic effects" on Indigenous people.
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Indigenous people comprise about 5% of sa国际传媒鈥檚 nearly 40 million people. The more than 600 Indigenous communities across sa国际传媒, known as First Nations, face significant health challenges compared to other Canadians.
Until the 1990s, Indigenous people were mostly treated in segregated hospitals, where there were reports of rampant abuse.
It鈥檚 difficult to say how common sterilization 鈥� with or without consent 鈥� happens. sa国际传媒's national health agency doesn't routinely collect sterilization data, including the ethnicity of patients.
In 2019, Sylvia Tuckanow told the Senate committee investigating forced sterilizations about how she gave birth in a Saskatoon hospital in July 2001. She described being disoriented from medication and being tied to a bed as she cried.
鈥淚 could smell something burning,鈥� she said. 鈥淲hen the (doctor) was finished, he said, 鈥楾here: tied, cut and burnt. Nothing will get through that,鈥欌�� Tuckanow said, referring to her fallopian tubes. She said she hadn鈥檛 consented.
In November, a report documented nearly two dozen forced sterilizations in Quebec from 1980 to 2019, including one woman who said her doctor told her after bladder surgery that he had removed her uterus at the same time 鈥� without her consent.
The report concluded that doctors and nurses 鈥渋nsistently questioning whether a First Nations or Inuit mother wants to (be sterilized) after the birth of her first child seems to be an existing practice in Quebec.鈥�
Some women were not even aware they were sterilized.
Morningstar Mercredi, an Alberta-based Indigenous author, was sterilized as a 14-year-old, but didn鈥檛 find out until decades later when she sought help after being unable to conceive.
鈥淚 went into a catatonic stage and had a nervous breakdown,鈥� Mercredi wrote in her 2021 book,
She said the impact of forced sterilizations on First Nations people was 鈥渟taggering,鈥� describing the generations of lost Indigenous lives as a 鈥済enocide.鈥�
The Senate report on forced sterilization made 13 recommendations, including compensating victims, measures to address systemic racism in health care and a formal apology.
In response to questions from the AP, the Canadian government said it recognized 鈥渢he pressing need鈥� to end forced sterilization. The government said it had invested more than 87 million Canadian dollars ($65 million) to improve access to 鈥渃ulturally safe鈥� health services, one-third of which supports Indigenous midwifery initiatives.
Last year, the government allocated 6.2 million Canadian dollars ($4.7 million) to help survivors of forced sterilization.
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Dr. Alika Lafontaine, the first Indigenous president of the Canadian Medical Association, recalls times when it was unclear whether Indigenous women had agreed to sterilization.
鈥淚n my residency, there were situations where we would do C-sections on patients and someone would lean over and say, 鈥楽o we鈥檒l also clip her (fallopian) tubes,鈥欌�� he said. 鈥淚t never crossed my mind whether these patients had an informed conversation" about sterilization, he said, adding he assumed that had happened before patients were on the operating table.
Dr. Ewan Affleck, who made a 2021 film, 鈥� about the pervasive racism against sa国际传媒's Indigenous people, noted an ongoing 鈥減ower imbalance鈥� in health care. 鈥淚f you have a white doctor saying to an Indigenous woman, 鈥榊ou should be sterilized,鈥� it may very likely happen,鈥� Affleck said.
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There are at least five class-action lawsuits against health, provincial and federal authorities involving forced sterilizations in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Quebec, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario and elsewhere.
May Sarah Cardinal, the representative plaintiff in the Alberta case, said she was pressured into having her tubes tied after having her second child in 1977, but the doctor never explained the procedure was irreversible.
鈥淭he doctor told me: 鈥楾here are hard times ahead and how are you going to look after a bunch of kids? What if your husband leaves?鈥欌�� Cardinal told the AP. 鈥淚 didn鈥檛 feel like I had a say.鈥�
In the case against Kotaska, documents show an anesthetist and surgical nurse became alarmed when he said during the surgery to remove the woman鈥檚 right fallopian tube: 鈥淟et鈥檚 see if I can find a reason to take the left tube as well.鈥�
Kotaska said he was 鈥渧oicing his thought process out loud鈥� that removing both tubes would lessen the woman鈥檚 pelvic pain.
Describing Kotaska鈥檚 actions as 鈥渁 violation of his ethical obligations,鈥� investigators suspended Kotaska鈥檚 medical license for five months and ordered him to take an ethics course. The woman is suing Kotaska and hospital authorities for 6 million Canadian dollars ($4.38 million).
There was no suggestion in the documents that Kotaska was motivated by racism. He declined to comment to the AP.
鈥淧eople don鈥檛 want to believe things like this are happening in sa国际传媒, but cases like this explain why entire First Nations populations still feel unsafe,鈥� said Dr. Unjali Malhotra, medical officer of the First Nations Health Authority in British Columbia.
Mercredi said she continues to suffer from being sterilized without her knowledge.
鈥淣o amount of therapy or healing can reconcile the fact that my human right to have children was taken from me,鈥� she said.
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The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute鈥檚 Science and Educational Media Group. The AP is solely responsible for all content.
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This story has been corrected to show Dr. Unjali Malhotra鈥檚 title is medical officer, not chief medical officer.
Maria Cheng, The Associated Press
