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I recently wrote that our ancestors endured great hardship when they landed in North America. They hacked down forests and tried to survive in the new land.

Dear Dr. Roach: I have always accepted that even in the least invasive surgical procedure, death could occur. I also am aware of the United States’ Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and that privacy is of the utmost importance.

Dear Dr. Roach: I am 66, female, 140 pounds and currently on no medications. My bloodwork is normal, and my cholesterol levels are remarkably good.

Dear Dr. Roach: I am an 83-year-old man in reasonably good health. About six months ago, I started hearing a cracking noise when I turned my head sideways or up and down. Sometimes it would happen every 15 seconds.

Dear Dr. Roach: I am 83 and was recently had atrial fibrillation diagnosed. My doctor put me on Eliquis. I have had no problems with it, except the cost. Is there something comparable that is less expensive? D.C.

Several weeks ago, I reported that autopsies of the brains of people with dementia had revealed damage to small arteries, which might cause tiny strokes and brain injury.

Dear Dr. Roach: My daughter, who is 50, recently went to a urologist for bladder retention issues. She had several tests performed. My daughter’s doctor told her that the diagnosis is “overactive stable bladder.

Dear Dr. Roach: For many years, I have had a screening colonoscopy due to a history of colon cancer in my mother. Over the years, they have removed polyps, and some were the precancerous type.

Dear Dr. Roach: I’m a 72-year-old, otherwise healthy man who was diagnosed about three years ago with Type 2 diabetes. I am on the medication Amaryl (glimepiride), 2 milligrams twice daily. My last A1C was 7.5, and I had a prick test of 140.

Dear Dr. Roach: I am a 73-year-old woman. I have had migraine headaches with aura since my late 30s. I haven’t suffered migraine pain in years, but I still experience the aura from time to time.