Hours before sunrise Thursday, thousands of Muslims from around the world stood in the dark on a rocky desert hill, preparing for prayers on the first day of the annual hajj pilgrimage, a central pillar of their faith.
Muslims believe that prayer on Mount Arafat is their best chance to erase past sins and start anew.
The four-day hajj features millions packed shoulder to shoulder in prayer and supplication. According to Islam, each able-bodied believer must make the pilgrimage once.
"Let all your feuds be abolished,'' the Prophet Muhammad said in his last sermon on the hill called Jabal al-Rahman, Mountain of Mercy, in the area of Mount Arafat.
"You must know that every Muslim is the brother of every Muslim ... between Muslims there are no races and no tribes ... do not oppress and do not be oppressed.''
About 1,400 years later, Muslims believe on this day and at this place, the gates of heaven are open for prayers to be answered and sins to be forgiven.
"I have feelings that cannot be described in words. We thank God for the chance to perform the hajj here and visit God's house in Mecca,'' said Mustafa Daama, 27, from Mauritania.
On other parts of the mountain, Muslims chanted in unison, "Labayk Allahuma Labayk,'' or "Here I am, God, answering your call. Here I am.''
Muslims believe the hajj traces the paths of the prophets Abraham, Ishmael and Muhammad. The hajj typically concludes as it began, with a set of rituals at the Kaaba, the cube-shaped structure in Mecca's Grand Mosque that observant Muslims around the world face in prayer five times a day.
Technology and the modern world have changed the atmosphere surrounding the hajj.
For centuries, the rocky mountain was a quiet place for contemplation and serene prayers. Now it is crowded with pilgrims pushing and shoving to take pictures with their iPads and mobile phones.
Adding to the tumult, ultraconservative men with loudspeakers yelled at pilgrims to stop crowding the hill, saying the whole area of Mount Arafat is sacred and that men and women should avoid the inevitable brushes of physical contact.
Ignoring their calls, many pilgrims were uploading their pictures online from the hilltop to share instantly with friends and family, while others used touch screens to read the Qur'an, rather than carrying it in printed form.
Casually dressed photographer Bandar Maarouf, 22, from Yemen, stood out from the sea of pilgrim men who wear white seamless garments and seamless sandals meant to represent equality and unity.
Wearing a bright pink shirt, low slung jeans and a hat turned sideways, he was taking photos for pilgrims at around $3 apiece. His camera prints the photos on the spot. He expected to sell at least 400 photos on Thursday.
"This season helps a person live. [I earn] some from here and there, and God is always giving,'' he said.
Saudi officials say about 3.4 million Muslims from all corners of the world are making the pilgrimage this year.
A sea of millions dressed in white, some waving their national flags, stretched for miles in the area of Mount Arafat, many chanting in unison.
Mount Arafat, about 20 kilometres east of Mecca, is a required stop for Muslims during the hajj.
