BOSTON (AP) 鈥� Edward O. Wilson, the pioneering Harvard biologist who advanced the provocative theory that human behavior such as war and altruism has a genetic basis and warned against the decline of ecosystems, has died. He was 92.
Wilson was 鈥渃alled 鈥楧arwin鈥檚 natural heir,鈥� and was known affectionately as 鈥榯he ant man鈥� for his pioneering work as an entomologist,鈥� according to posted Monday on the E.O. Wilson Biodiversity Foundation's website. He died on Dec. 26 in Burlington, Massachusetts.
鈥淚t would be hard to understate Ed鈥檚 scientific achievements, but his impact extends to every facet of society. He was a true visionary with a unique ability to inspire and galvanize. He articulated, perhaps better than anyone, what it means to be human," David J. Prend, chairman of the board of E.O. Wilson Biodiversity Foundation, said in a statement.
The professor and two-time Pulitzer Prize-winning author first gained widespread attention for his 1975 book, 鈥淪ociobiology: The New Synthesis,鈥� in which he spelled out the evidence suggesting a link between human behavior and genetics. The work created a storm of controversy among activists and fellow academics who equated sociobiology鈥檚 groundbreaking theories with sexism, racism and Nazism.
More recently, Wilson has championed the importance of preserving diverse species and ecosystems. 鈥淭he diversity of life on Earth is far greater than even most biologists recognize,鈥� he said in 1993.
Less than 10% of the Earth鈥檚 species have scientific names, he said, making it 鈥渁 still mostly unexplored planet.鈥�
In 1979, 鈥淥n Human Nature鈥� 鈥� the third volume in a series including 鈥淭he Insect Societies鈥� and 鈥淪ociobiology鈥� 鈥� earned Wilson his first Pulitzer Prize. His second Pulitzer came in 1991 with 鈥淭he Ants,鈥� which Wilson co-wrote with Harvard colleague Bert Holldobler.
Among his other honors was the 1990 Crafoord Prize in biosciences from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the highest scientific award in the field. Time magazine named him one of America鈥檚 25 most influential people in 1996.
Wilson鈥檚 sociobiology theories transformed the field of biology and reignited the nature vs. nurture debate among scientists. Based on data about many species, Wilson argued that social behaviors from warfare to altruism had a genetic basis, an idea that contradicted the prevailing view that cultural and environmental factors determined human behavior.
Critics argued that such a theory bolstered social injustice, including discrimination against women, by saying that the inequality is written in human genes. Fifteen Boston-area scholars joined in a letter denouncing it, and in one case protesters dumped a pitcher of ice water on Wilson鈥檚 head while he was speaking at a scientific meeting in 1978.
He didn鈥檛 think genes determine all human behavior, but 鈥渋n rough terms ... maybe 10 percent鈥� of it. He said later that the intensity of the reaction frightened him and for a time he gave up giving public lectures.
鈥淚 thought my career was going up in flames,鈥� he said.
His 2006 book, 鈥淭he Creation,鈥� argued that the fields of science and religion, 鈥渢he most powerful social forces on Earth,鈥� should work together for protection of nature.
The following year, he joined with more than two dozen other leaders in religion and science in signing a statement calling for urgent changes in values, lifestyles and public policies to avert disastrous climate change. Among the religious leaders taking part were the Rev. Rich Cizik, public policy director for the National Association of Evangelicals.
The launching point for Wilson鈥檚 studies was a creature that had fascinated him since his teens 鈥� the ant.
Showing an Associated Press reporter a dramatic microscopic view of an ant specimen in 1993, he commented, 鈥淚 call it looking in the face of creation. You鈥檙e looking at something that may be a million years old, and nobody鈥檚 seen it before.鈥�
His and Holldobler鈥檚 book 鈥淭he Ants鈥� featured detailed photographs of ants crawling through their daily lives, copulating, regurgitating food, and stinging to death other insects. It meticulously detailed the ants鈥� every move.
He noted that the study of ants offered insights into the state of the environment, because the welfare and diversity of ant populations might be useful as an indicator of subtle destructive changes in a seemingly normal area.
Wilson was born in 1929 in Birmingham, Alabama. As an only child whose parents divorced when he was 7, Wilson found comfort in nature, which he called his 鈥渃ompanion of choice.鈥�
He also had to deal with the loss of sight in one eye in a fishing accident and, in his teens, a partial hearing loss.
The Boy Scouts provided Wilson an opportunity to further his enthusiasm for nature, and by the age of 15, Wilson had risen to the rank of Eagle Scout.
He graduated from the University of Alabama in 1949. He received his Ph.D. in biology from Harvard in 1955 and became an assistant professor there in 1956. Wilson鈥檚 field research included stops in Australia, New Guinea and Sri Lanka, in addition to his ongoing work at home.
While living in Mobile, Alabama, Wilson is credited with becoming the first person to identify invasive fire ants that had arrived from South America on ships. Later, as a student at the University of Alabama, he detailed that the ants were spreading rapidly across the South.
鈥淚 believe I was the first to find that ant in the U.S., certainly the first to study it in any detail,鈥� Wilson told American Entomologist in 2014.
He sat on the boards of directors of several environmental organizations, including The Nature Conservancy. He was honored for his conservation efforts with the Gold Medal of the Worldwide Fund for Nature in 1990 and the Audubon Medal of the National Audubon Society in 1995.
Wilson is survived by his daughter, Catherine. He was predeceased by his wife, Irene.
The Associated Press