SACRAMENTO, Calif. (AP) 鈥� The mass killing that left and 12 wounded outside bars just blocks from California鈥檚 Capitol last weekend was a gunfight involving at least five shooters from rival gangs, Sacramento police said Wednesday.
Police said they identified at least five gunmen but there may have been more. Only two suspects 鈥� both brothers wounded by gunfire 鈥� have been arrested in connection with the shooting and, so far, only face firearms charges.
鈥淲e're still working through ... who the actual shooters are in the case,鈥� Sgt. Zach Eaton said.
Until Wednesday's announcement, police had been silent on what led to the shooting that erupted early Sunday as bars were letting out. Rapid-fire bursts of over 100 gunshots echoed through the streets as terrified patrons ran for their lives and others were hit by bullets.
Police said at least two gangs were involved. They declined to provide more details or name the gangs involved or the affiliation of any suspects.
Experts said that if gangs were to blame, it would mark an unusually bloody feud.
In 20 years of researching gangs in Los Angeles, Alex Alonso said he can鈥檛 remember a gang-related shooting with such a high body count.
鈥淚t鈥檚 extremely rare that a gang shooting happened as the way this one is being characterized,鈥� Alonso said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 extremely rare to have that happen in a public place with so many victims.鈥�
Gregory Chris Brown, a criminal justice professor at California State University, Fullerton, said gangs often target rivals in drive-by shootings with fewer victims, though innocent bystanders are sometimes also struck.
The location of the Sacramento shooting 鈥� in a bustling area of watering holes near the entertainment district 鈥� was incidental to whatever fueled the fight.
鈥淚f rival gang members see each other it doesn鈥檛 matter if they鈥檙e in the Capitol of the United States of America,鈥� Brown said. 鈥淚f you see a rival gang member and you鈥檙e going to attack them, it doesn鈥檛 matter where they are.鈥�
The large number of casualties was the result of high-capacity weapons in a crowded area, he said.
Berry Accius, founder of Voice of the Youth who leads gun intervention and prevention programs and offered his services to counsel families who lost loved ones in the shooting, criticized police for characterizing the crime as gang-related, which he said will lead some to 鈥渢hink Black people.鈥�
He said people will see the photos of the Black women and men who were shot, assume they were in a gang and wonder why gang members are downtown.
鈥淭hat鈥檚 the narrative we don鈥檛 need at this particular time,鈥� Accius said. "This idea that we鈥檙e going to put blame to one demographic of folks and blame them for the violence that ensued.鈥�
Bill Sanders, a criminologist at Cal State LA, said he wanted to see more evidence the shooting was gang-related, a term police often use to drum up support. He said gang shootings are more mundane and most occur in what are considered gang neighborhoods.
鈥淚f you looked at a map of gang homicides in the city 鈥� or any city 鈥� over time, you鈥檇 see the same areas lighting up 鈥� meaning that鈥檚 where they occur. If these guys were white, this wouldn鈥檛 be considered gang related 鈥� not even for a minute.鈥�
Authorities credited witnesses who contributed nearly 200 videos, photos and other tips with helping the investigation.
Police were trying to determine if a stolen handgun found at the crime scene was used in the massacre. It had been converted to a weapon capable of automatic gunfire.
They are also investigating whether a gun one of the brothers, Smiley Martin, 27, brandished in a video was used in the shooting, a law enforcement official told The Associated Press. The official was briefed on the investigation but was not authorized to publicly discuss details and spoke on condition of anonymity.
Martin and his brother were among those wounded in the gunfire that erupted about 2 a.m. Sunday as bars closed and patrons filled the streets.
The Sacramento County coroner identified the three women killed as Johntaya Alexander, 21; Melinda Davis, 57; and Yamile Martinez-Andrade, 21. The three men killed were Sergio Harris, 38; Joshua Hoye-Lucchesi, 32; and De鈥檝azia Turner, 29.
Ten people were wounded in addition to the Martin brothers. At least two remained hospitalized with gunshot wounds.
Smiley Martin faces charges of possession of a firearm by a prohibited person and possession of a machine gun. He remained hospitalized and it wasn鈥檛 clear if he had an attorney who could speak for him.
His brother, Dandrae Martin, 26, was arrested as a 鈥渞elated suspect鈥� and appeared briefly Tuesday in Sacramento Superior Court on a charge of being a convict carrying a loaded gun.
He did not enter a plea and his attorney said she would wait to see if prosecutors brought more serious charges before deciding whether to seek his release.
Both men have criminal records. Smiley Martin was released from prison in February after serving about half of a 10-year prison sentence for beating a girlfriend. He was denied parole last year after prosecutors said he 鈥渃learly has little regard for human life,鈥� documents show.
Sacramento Mayor Darrell Steinberg questioned why the brothers were on the streets.
鈥淭hose questions need to be answered and they will be answered over the days ahead,鈥� Steinberg said.
A 31-year-old man seen carrying a handgun immediately after the shooting was arrested Tuesday on a weapons charge. Police said they don鈥檛 believe his gun was used in the shooting.
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This version corrects that Smiley Martin served about half of a 10-year prison sentence, not about two years of the term.
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Melley reported from Los Angeles. Associated Press writers Stefanie Dazio, Christopher Weber in Los Angeles, Don Thompson in Sacramento, Michael Balsamo in Washington, Jacques Billeaud in Phoenix and News Researcher Rhonda Shafner in New York City contributed to this report.
Adam Beam And Brian Melley, The Associated Press